Summary: CD38, also known as ADP-ribosyl cyclase, is a transmembrane glycoprotein comprising two to four N-linked oligosaccharide chains containing sialic acid residues. It is expressed on the surface of immune cells including CD4+, CD8+, B and natural killer cells. CD38 is a multifunctional ectoenzyme that catalyzes the synthesis and hydrolysis of cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) from NAD+ to ADP-ribose. CD38 functions in cell adhesion, signal transduction and calcium signaling. Through its production of cyclic ADP-ribose, CD38 modulates calcium-mediated signal transduction in many types of cells, including neutrophils and pancreatic β; cells. CD38 has a key role in neuropeptide release, thereby critically regulating maternal and social behaviours, and may be an element in neurodevelopmental disorders. Defects of CD38 is associated with impaired immune responses, metabolic disturbances, and behavioral modifications, and has been connected to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, leukemias, my
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