Summary: Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are proline-directed serine and threonine protein kinases that regulate numerous physiological and pathophysiological cell responses. p38 MAPKs belong to a class that plays an important role during inflammatory processes, and their expression is upregulated by inflammatory and stress stimuli (cytokines, ultraviolet irradiation, osmotic and heat shock). p38 MAPKs are also involved in autophagy, apoptosis, cell differentiation, and are implicated in the regulation of inflammatory mediators levels such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Accumulating evidence suggests that p38 MAPKs play an important role in arthritis, and inflammation of the liver, kidney, brain, and lung. Diseases induced by chronic inflammation, including gastritis, colitis, dermatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, pulmonary diseases and type II diabetes affect millions of people every year.
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